An evaluation of the relationship between household income and child mortality rates in Bauchi State
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Background of the Study
Child mortality remains a critical indicator of public health, and its relationship with household income is a subject of extensive research. In Bauchi State, where economic challenges are widespread, variations in household income play a significant role in determining child survival outcomes. Households with higher incomes are more likely to afford quality healthcare, adequate nutrition, and proper sanitation—all of which contribute to lower child mortality rates. Conversely, low-income families often struggle to secure these essential services, leading to higher rates of preventable deaths among children. The socio-economic gradient in health outcomes has been well documented, with poverty being a major contributor to adverse health events. In Bauchi State, factors such as maternal education, access to healthcare facilities, and environmental conditions intersect with income levels to influence child mortality.
Economic disparities affect not only direct health expenditures but also the ability to access information about child health, preventive care, and early interventions. The interplay between income and child mortality is complex, with poverty exacerbating vulnerabilities such as malnutrition, infectious diseases, and unsafe living conditions. Despite ongoing government and non-governmental interventions aimed at reducing child mortality, the persistent gap between different income groups remains a significant challenge. This study aims to evaluate the association between household income and child mortality rates in Bauchi State by analyzing demographic data, health records, and socio-economic indicators. The results will provide insights into the effectiveness of current interventions and help shape policies that target the most vulnerable populations.
Statement of the Problem
In Bauchi State, child mortality rates remain unacceptably high, particularly among households with low income. The disparity in child survival between high- and low-income families underscores the critical influence of economic status on health outcomes. Despite improvements in healthcare delivery, many low-income households lack the resources to secure basic health services, proper nutrition, and a safe living environment. This situation contributes to a cycle of poverty and poor health, where children in economically disadvantaged families are at greater risk of dying from preventable causes. Inadequate maternal education, limited access to quality healthcare, and environmental hazards further compound the risks. The lack of comprehensive data on the relationship between household income and child mortality impedes the development of targeted policies and interventions. This study seeks to fill this gap by investigating the link between economic status and child mortality in Bauchi State, thereby offering evidence-based recommendations for reducing child deaths through socio-economic improvements (Ibrahim, 2024).
Objectives of the Study
1. To determine the correlation between household income levels and child mortality rates in Bauchi State.
2. To identify key mediating factors such as maternal education and healthcare access that influence child survival.
3. To propose policy interventions aimed at reducing child mortality through economic empowerment and improved service delivery.
Research Questions
1. What is the relationship between household income and child mortality in Bauchi State?
2. Which factors mediate the impact of household income on child survival?
3. What policy measures can reduce child mortality rates among low-income households?
Research Hypotheses
1. Lower household income is significantly associated with higher child mortality rates.
2. Maternal education and access to quality healthcare mediate the relationship between income and child survival.
3. Economic empowerment initiatives will lead to a measurable reduction in child mortality.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study will focus on diverse communities in Bauchi State, using demographic and health survey data, hospital records, and household interviews. Limitations include potential data inaccuracies and difficulties in isolating income effects from other socio-demographic factors.
Definitions of Terms
• Household Income: The total earnings of all members of a household.
• Child Mortality: The death of children under the age of five per 1,000 live births.
• Socio-economic Indicators: Measures that reflect the economic and social conditions influencing health outcomes.
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